Global: Wireworm Risk to Potatoes Peaks in the First 2 Years After Grassland
Awọn ọna pataki keyaways
- 2 years after ploughing grassland is the highest-risk time
- 60,000 wireworms/ha can be shown by one larva in 20 cores
- 30 soil samples are needed for a 4 ha field in UC guidance
- 10°C soil at 10-15 cm depth is required for bait trapping
Idi ti o ṣe pataki
- Fún àwọn àgbẹ̀
- Sample soil or set bait traps before planting potatoes on land that was grass within 2 years; if thresholds are met, choose another field.
- Fún àwọn oníṣẹ́-ẹ̀rọ
- Ask growers for wireworm risk data on fields after grassland and plan early intake from high-risk fields.
- Fun awọn olupese
- Offer soil sampling and bait trap services timed for 7-10°C soil temperatures in spring.
Àkótán ìṣẹ́jú-àáyá 60
Wireworm control in potatoes is mostly about choosing the right field and measuring before planting. British and Californian extension advice agrees that fields ploughed out of grass or pasture within the last two years are the riskiest, because larvae survive and feed in the soil for three to five years. Detection thresholds are strikingly low: finding just one larva in twenty 10 cm soil cores points to roughly 60,000 per hectare. The Californian programme ties sampling effort to field size, for example 30 samples and a threshold of one larva for about 4 ha, and warns that baits only work once the soil reaches about 10°C. With few soil insecticides left, growers, agronomists and buyers of washed potatoes should treat early harvest and field rotation as the main defence. Caveat: species and life cycles differ between regions, so local thresholds may vary.
Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles. They bore small round holes into tubers and make them unsaleable. Two extension services, AHDB in the UK and the University of California IPM programme, publish practical guidance with clear numbers.
A long life in the soil
The larvae live for years. According to AHDB, they feed for 4–5 years. UC IPM says common species need 3–4 years to complete their life cycle. This long cycle explains why grassland builds up populations.
The risk is highest right after grass. AHDB says crops sown within 2 years of ploughing out permanent pasture are at highest risk. UC IPM advises avoiding potatoes immediately after clover, grass, pasture or weedy alfalfa.
Àwọn ọjọ́ ọ̀sẹ̀. Má ṣe forúkọ sílẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀ kan.
How to measure the risk
Low numbers can already cause damage. AHDB states that a single wireworm in 20 soil cores of 10 cm diameter can represent a significant risk. That equals about 60,000 wireworms per hectare.
UC IPM links sample numbers to field size. It uses these thresholds:
- 10 acres (about 4 ha): 30 samples, threshold 1 wireworm.
- 40 acres (about 16 ha): 60 samples, threshold 2 wireworms.
- 160 acres (about 65 ha): 120 samples, threshold 5 wireworms.
Timing matters. Bait traps work when soil at 10–15 cm depth reaches about 10°C (50°F). Soil sampling should be done in spring when soil at 15 cm is 7°C (45°F) or warmer. In late summer, samples are taken at 45 cm depth, UC IPM says.
What control options exist
Chemical options are limited. UC IPM notes that the soil must be at least 10°C when ethoprop is applied. Wireworms bore up to about 1.3 cm into the tuber, but do not tunnel all the way through.
Cultural control is central. AHDB advises avoiding infested fields and considering an early harvest when damage is expected.
Idi ti o ṣe pataki
Wireworm damage is mainly a quality problem. Holed tubers can lead to rejected loads for fresh markets or processing. Both sources point to prevention through field choice and monitoring as the main tool.
Growers should sample before planting potatoes after grass. If numbers exceed thresholds, choosing another field or harvesting early usually costs less than rejected loads.
Ìdènà àti ìdarí · Àkọlé ìròyìn
Wireworms (Agriotes spp.): what growers can do
- idena: avoid potatoes in the first two years after grassland, cultivate the soil in late summer and lift the crop as soon as it is mature.
- Abojuto: use bait traps or soil samples before planting to estimate the risk.
- Idaabobo kemikali: imidacloprid (IRAC 4A) and fipronil (IRAC 2B) are used as tuber or furrow treatments in some countries — check the national register of your country. They are not approved in the EU and the UK.
- Ìṣàkóso ìdènà: do not use the same IRAC group on seed tubers and on the crop in one season.
Àwọn olùdarí potatoes.news ló pèsè àkọsílẹ̀ yìí fún ìwífún nìkan. Kì í ṣe àbá láti ọ̀dọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ èyíkéyìí, kì í sì í ṣe dandan. Lo àwọn ọjà ààbò ewéko tí a fún ní àṣẹ ní orílẹ̀-èdè rẹ nìkan, kí o sì tẹ̀lé àmì náà. Orúkọ ọjà àti ìforúkọsílẹ̀ yàtọ̀ síra láàárín àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè; kan sí onímọ̀ nípa iṣẹ́ agbẹ̀ ní àdúgbò rẹ.
Photo: Click beetle larvae (wireworms) (illustrative). ZATRIPPIT / Wikimedia Commons, àkọsílẹ ase
Àkótán Ìṣun Àgbáyé
Àwọn ìtàn márùn-ún tó gbajúmọ̀ jùlọ, owó, ìkìlọ̀ nípa àrùn àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀. Àwọn òwúrọ̀ ọjọ́ ọ̀sẹ̀, kò sí ìpolówó.
awọn orisun
- AHDB — Identification and management of wireworms in field crops — https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/identification-and-management-of-wireworms-in-field-crops
- UC IPM — Wireworms / Potato — https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/potato/wireworms/
Ti sopọ mọ ohun elo yii
- Orilẹ-ede
- World
- Awọn imọ ẹrọ
- bait traps; soil coring; ethoprop
- ruju
- IroyinIdaabobo Сrop
Awọn itan ti o jọmọ
Netherlands: Olùgbìn irugbin Friesland ń pa Annabelle mọ́ fún ìran márùn-ún láìsí àwọn ìṣùpọ̀ kékeré
Iye owo ọdunkun agbaye, ọsẹ 39: Awọn ile-iṣẹ Yuroopu lori irugbin kukuru bi Asia ṣe duro ni ipese pupọ
